What are young children learning as they engage with literacy instruction at school?  

Are they experiencing success or falling behind? How soon can we tell? 

The six tasks are:

• Observation task for Concepts About Print
• Taking records of reading continuous texts - Running Records
• Observation task for Letter Identification
• Observation task for Word Reading
• Observation task for Writing Vocabulary
• Observation task for Hearing and Recording Sounds in Words (Revised)

Important new developments

This fourth edition of Marie Clay’s seminal text includes two important new developments:

1. a revised task for assessing children’s phonemic awareness and sound-letter knowledge is more sensitive to different rates of progress and to the difficulties some children might have
2. updated norms for five of the Observation Survey tasks will enable teachers and schools to more accurately monitor and compare the progress of five-to-seven-year-old children across different aspects of literacy learning

The observation procedures arose from a theory of how children learn to manage the complex task of learning to read and write continuous text. That process is described in Marie Clay’s other books: Becoming Literate: The Construction of Inner Control; By Different Paths to Common Outcomes; and Change Over Time in Children’s Literacy Development.

Additionally, the intervention described in Literacy Lessons Designed for Individuals makes use of these observation tasks.